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The 19th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES COP19) is taking place in Panama City, Panama. The Seventy-fifth meeting of the Standing Committee took place on Sunday 13 November 2022 and the rest of the programme will run from 14 to 25 November 2022.
WRSA will be attending the Conference as a member of the SUCo Observer delegation.
[/fusion_text][fusion_imageframe image_id=”6524|full” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ lightbox=”no” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”center” hover_type=”none” caption_style=”below” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”The SUCO CITES COP19 Delegation” caption_text=”From left to right: Stephen Palos (CHASA – CEO) Trevor Oertel (Ex Officio SAFA Exco) Richard York (WRSA – CEO) Dries van Coller (PHASA – CEO) Susan Swart (SATTA) Pieter Swart (SATTA – Chairman)” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”Heebo” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”400″ caption_title_size=”20″ fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”Heebo” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”400″ caption_text_size=”16″ caption_margin_top=”15″ caption_margin_bottom=”15″ animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://www.wrsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/SUCo-Delegation-Banner.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_accordion type=”accordions” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” border_size=”1″ title_tag=”h4″ title_color=”#bc8d1e” content_color=”#000000″][fusion_toggle title=”What is CITES COP19?” open=”no” title_color=”#bc8d1e” content_color=”#000000″]
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is a voluntary international agreement between States and regional economic integration organizations.
States and organizations that have agreed to be bound by the Convention (‘joined’ CITES) are known as Parties.
“Although CITES is legally binding on the Parties – in other words they have to implement the Convention – it does not take the place of national laws. Rather it provides a framework to be respected by each Party, which has to adopt its own domestic legislation to ensure that CITES is implemented at the national level.” (www.cites.org)
“There are 184 Parties to CITES (including the European Union) which means the Convention has near universal acceptance and authority over the international trade in those threatened species included in its Appendices.” (www.cites.org)
The aim of the Convention is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species.
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Internationally, the diverse trade in wildlife, including live animals, plants and products derived from both, is estimated to be worth billions of dollars each year. Because the wildlife trade crosses international borders, the effort to regulate it requires international cooperation, leading to the creation of CITES.
At the CITES COP19 during November 2022, Parties can propose adding species to the CITES Appendices to ensure there is sustainable trade, propose removal of species from CITES appendices or request movement of a species between Appendix I or II.
Nearly 4,000 government officials, experts, representatives of trade organizations, NGOs and local, national, and international organizations that work in conservation, biodiversity and the environment representing the Parties will review the proposals and decide whether they support the proposal, suggest amendments, or oppose the proposal.
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Day 10
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Day 8
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CONSIDERATION OF PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENT OF APPENDICES I AND II
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CoP19 Doc. 87.1: PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO RESOLUTION CONF. 9.24 (REV. COP17)
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CoP19 Doc. 87.1 PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO RESOLUTION CONF. 9.24 (REV. COP17)
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CITES does not seem to value concerns for livelihoods and food security
In a document brought forth by Botswana, Cambodia, Eswatini and Zimbabwe, the proponents aimed to include livelihoods and food security into the criteria for amending the CITES Appendices. At present, the criteria, which are set in Resolution Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP17), it is primarily biological and trade criteria that are used to table proposals to amend the Appendices. As such, as the Convention outlines in Article II, “Appendix I shall include all species threatened with extinction which are or may be affected by trade”, whereas “Appendix II shall include (a) all species which although not necessarily now threatened with extinction may become so unless trade […] is subject to strict regulation; and (b) other species which must be subject to regulation in order that trade […] may be brought under effective control.”
On Tuesday, 22 November, the morning session of Committee I at CoP19 discussed Document 87.1 to amend the criteria outlined in Resolution Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP17), as proposed by aforementioned countries. As expected, the European Union, the United States, the UK, Kenya, Burkina Faso as well as several other Parties spoke out against the document. One of the main arguments was that livelihoods and food security are to be dealt with on a national level and that these issues therefore fall outside the scope of CITES. As with previous agenda items, which aimed to improve the involvement of indigenous peoples and local communities (IPs and LCs), the issue is controversially perceived by CITES Parties.
Several Parties, however, spoke in favour of the tabled document, also providing ways forward to address the concerns by those Parties in opposition to it. Apart from the proponents, it was especially Japan, China, Tanzania and Cuba who voiced their support for the proposal, offering draft Decisions directed at different bodies of the Convention to move the issue further.
Several Observers, in favour and in opposition of the document, had already prepared their interventions, when the delegate from Israel raised a point of order under Rule 20.2(d) of the Rules of Procedure of the CoP. Under this rule, a Party has the right to “closure of the debate on the particular subject or question under discussion.” If this rule is invoked, the chair is required to move the motion to a simple majority vote. Following this, 58 Parties seconded Israel’s motion, 57 objected to it while 12 abstained. The discussion was therefore suspended. All Observers did therefore not get the chance to present their views.
Surprisingly, as subsequent ruling, the chair moved the entire document to a vote. Since the topic in question is of a substantive nature, a 2/3 majority is required. Document 87.1, however, did not find this support.
The consistent refusal to include livelihoods and food security issues within CITES is concerning, as previous decisions and motions on this issue have demonstrated. If the issue was indeed outside the scope of CITES, it appears illogical that several states time and again table this issue at different CoPs while others support it. The issue is crucial and can indeed be boiled down to a rather simple equation: If CITES drives people into poverty, many species might be lost. Not out of greed, but out of necessity.
CITES has once again demonstrated that a strategic inclusion of livelihoods and food security concerns is not of interest to the vast majority of Parties. Whether or not this will result in the withdrawal of Parties from the Convention remains to be seen. Yet, it is clear that the Convention does not act in accordance with international human rights standards pertaining to the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities.
The agenda item might be opened again in the Plenary session on Thursday or Friday, 24 or 25 November respectively. Whether new developments will occur is unlikely, however.
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Source: Sellheim Environmental Consultancy for Nature and Culture
CITES does not seem to value concerns for livelihoods and food security (sellheimenvironmental.org)
https://sellheimenvironmental.org
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Day 7
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CONSIDERATION OF PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENT OF APPENDICES I AND II
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Proposal 2 (Transfer of the population of Southern White Rhino of Namibia from Appendix I to Appendix II)
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CoP19 Prop. 2 CONSIDERATIONS OF PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENT OF APPENDICES I AND II
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SUCo-SA Intervention on COP19 Proposal 2:
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Outcome:
The proposal is now adopted as a recommendation to the plenary, who will make the final decision on what is adopted by the Conference of the Parties.
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Proposal 3 (To remove the existing annotation on the Appendix II listing of Eswatini’s southern white rhino population)
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CoP19 Prop. 3 CONSIDERATIONS OF PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENT OF APPENDICES I AND II
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Proposal
To remove the existing annotation on the Appendix II listing of Eswatini’s southern white rhino population, adopted at the 13th Conference of Parties in 2004, so as to enable Eswatini to realise full Appendix II status for its white rhinos as provided for in Article IV of the Treaty, thereby permitting the regulated legal trade in Eswatini’s white rhinos, their products including horn and derivatives.
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Eswatini introducing COP19 Proposal 3:
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Eswatini defending annotation to COP19 Proposal 3:
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Outcome:
This proposal did not achieve a two thirds majority, therefor the committee does not recommend its adoption by the final plenary.
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Day 4
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The pace is picking up substantially, with meetings running to 22:00 at night, and the Agenda already behind almost a day. There are many issues that could possibly affect our sector, our lives, and our economy- from the uplisting of teak (shields used for European Mounts), to that of shark (food). Both timber and fisheries are important pillars of our economy. On the other side discussions around elephant, hippo and community/livelihoods have been ongoing.
-Pieter Swart (SUCo)
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CITES COP19 Doc.66.4.1 INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN LIVE AFRICAN ELEPHANT SPECIMENS: PROPOSED REVISION OF RESOLUTION CONF. 10.10 (REV. COP18)
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18 November 2022 – COP19 Doc.66.4.1 was submitted for consideration by Benin, Burkina Faso, Equitorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Liberia, Niger, Senegal and Togo.
It proposes a revision of Resolution Conf. 10.10 (Rev. COP18) on Trade in elephant specimens.
Resolution Conf. 10.10 (Rev. COP18)
SUCo submitted an intervention, delivered by WRSA CEO Richard York, during the morning sitting of Committee II:
INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN LIVE AFRICAN ELEPHANT SPECIMENS: PROPOSED REVISION OF RESOLUTION CONF. 10.10 (REV. COP18)
“Thank you, madam chair, I make this intervention of behalf of SUCO SA and several other observers a list which can be provided in written form.
CLN – Community Leaders Network of Southern Africa
IWMC – World Conservation Trust
SATTA – South African Tannery and Taxidermy Association
SCI – Safari Club International
PHASA – Professional Hunters’ Association South Africa
IPHA – International Professional Hunters’ Association
IFF – International Fur Federation
PASA – Parrot Breeders Association of Southern Africa
Zambia CBNRM Forum – Zambia Community Based Natural Resources Management Forum
A fellow observer from the Community Leaders Network highlighted it perfectly, in an earlier session, take away incentives and the benefits of the sustainable use of natural resource from communities and they will convert key wildlife habitat to other land use options to ensure they can provide for their families. Echoing the comments made by numerous parties, CITES main objective is to ensure that trade does not jeopardise species survival.
With specific reference to in situ conservation in South Africa, we have an abundance of elephant with an excess of over 1 000 adult elephant breeding females now under some form of contraception to prevent them from breeding. As this project is predominantly funded by HSIA (something which baffles many, is either a species is endangered and requires protection under CITES to ensure its growth and protection or it is overpopulated and requires population control, it cannot be both) Clearly it is not trade in live exports, legal trophy hunting or even poaching that is a threat but rather the lack of habitat. Hence the relevance of the split-listing between CITES Appendix I and Appendix II with populations of South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia listed in Appendix II.
Madam chair, I’d like to remind the parties that you all might be free to choose, but you are not free from the consequences of your choice. As the over populations of elephant in many areas of Southern African countries are having a devastating impact on fauna and flora, with the vanishing top canopy trees and the subsequent destruction of key vulture nesting sites, as well as many other threatened bird species, to demonstrate a brief example.
Any form of further trade restrictions of any kind on domestic trade and export will merely further disincentivize local communities that in most instances carry the burden of tolerating an already overpopulated elephant population. Communities hold the key as the custodians of the most essential component ensuring elephant survival, which is the habitat in which they live.
Furthermore, the limitations proposed on in situ conservation within its historic or natural distribution range in Africa will have conservation impacts on movements of the southern white rhino within Africa through unintended consequences, undoing many rewilding conservation initiatives. Considering doc 66.4.1 & 2 are about elephant, we suggest all reference to southern white rhino be removed.
In conclusion, SUCO SA reminds the parties that this prestigious convention in not a welfare forum and these discussion are outside of its mandate and is an infringement on sovereign rights. It is the view of SUCO SA that proposals Doc. 66.4.1 is an overreach by the proponent parties and should not be supported.”
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Outcome:
Burkina Faso’s proposed decision passed, meaning that no live, wild-sourced elephant trade outside of natural/historical range will be allowed while the dialogue meeting is “in progress” – possibly until allowed until the next COP.
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CITES must end its neo-colonialism
by Eugène Lapointe, president of the IWMC World Conservation Trust, and Secretary-General of CITES from 1982 to 1990
Panama City, 16 November 2022 — The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) faces a crisis of legitimacy.
Since 1975, it has imposed global trade prohibitions or restrictions intended to protect species threatened with extinction. It has largely failed. It has also lost the support of many range states, who view CITES and the international non-governmental organisations that egg it on to be neo-colonialists who disrespect their views and violate their sovereignty.
The 19th Conference of the Parties (CoP) in Panama City should very seriously reflect on Tanzania’s closing statement at the 18th CoP, on behalf of the Southern African Development Community. In it, these 16 countries – home to many iconic species such as elephant, rhino, lion and giraffe – threatened to withdraw from the treaty altogether.
“Today CITES discards proven, working conservation models in favour of ideologically driven anti-use and anti-trade models,” they lamented. “Such models are dictated by largely Western non-State actors who have no experience with responsibility for, or ownership over wildlife resources.”
They argue that CITES operates in violation of its own charter, which recognises that “peoples and states are and should be the best protectors of their own wild fauna and flora”, as well as against the injunction of the Convention on Biological Diversity that states have “the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies”.
CITES’s success ought to be measured by whether a listing has indeed protected the species, whether it has stamped out not only legal trade, but also poaching and illicit trade, and whether its management strategy has improved the welfare of the people living with wild species.
By this standard, CITES has a history of serious failure. Wildlife population numbers declined precipitously despite CITES protection, its prohibitions have fuelled illicit trade and made poaching more profitable, and the locals are outraged at high-handed dismissals of their legitimate interests.
It is little wonder, then, that range states, whose people have to live with the listed species, and often rely on them for a living, are rebelling.
Of the approximately 2210 proposals CITES has considered in its 37-year existence, 63% originate with just four countries: the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Switzerland, and Australia. The organisation is dominated by the Global North, yet most of its decisions affect countries in the Global South.
CITES cannot expect to dictate to countries how their people are to co-exist with species that can be a rich resource, an opportunity cost, and a risk to human welfare. If it does, it must expect local people with local knowledge, traditions and management strategies to be alienated by such rudeness.
Comprehensive reform should be at the top of the CITES CoP19 agenda. Instead, its main press release leading up to the event boasts: ‘World Wildlife Conference to rule on stricter trade regulations for 600 CITES species.’
It is steaming ahead, like the colonial empires of old, as if the resounding vote of no confidence issued by southern African countries at CoP18 was just a little awkwardness from uppity natives. This shows that developing countries have no voice and will always be over-ruled by activists and politicians who play to the sentiments of rich-world elites and believe they know what’s best for poor countries.
The neo-colonialism of CITES has to end. Either it must take reform seriously, or range states will, with very good cause, walk away.
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IWMC World Conservation Trust
Eugčne Lapointe, President
Former Secretary-General of CITES (1982-199
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SADC PRESS STATEMENT AT THE 19TH CONFERENCE OF PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA (CITES COP19)
18 NOVEMBER 2022
The 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is a response to concerns that over-exploitation of wildlife through international trade contributes to the rapid decline of many species of plants and animals. CITES aims to ensure international trade of wild animal and plant species does not threaten their survival.
Biodiversity is one of the main indicators of a healthy environment and the Southern Africa region is home to a diverse range of the world’s megafauna and diverse flora. It is therefore important that our voice is heard, our efforts are appreciated, and the voice of our local communities is amplified. Although our perspectives are diverse and perceptions on species thought to be at increased risk of extinction due to trade vary, we believe that we should be working together towards positive conservation outcomes in the whole Africa region. As SADC countries, we are keen to work with other range states towards achieving these positive conservation outcomes. Drivers of biodiversity loss such as habitat loss, over-exploitation and climate change to name a few will not be resolved through simply listing of species. We need to build capacity at local and national level to mitigate these and then work with our trading partners to ensure that both trade and other drivers are effectively regulated and managed to achieve common goals.
This means we desperately need sustainable finance to support building this capacity and improve effective conservation of our rich biodiversity including our iconic species. To this effect, SADC countries have invested substantially in conservation and through good governance and effective management of conservation have demonstrated clear successes. For instance, the SADC region is home to more than 80% of the African Elephant population, more than 75% of the world rhino population, more than 70% of the African lion population to name. The SADC is currently the only sub-region where these populations are stable or increasing.
The CoP meets every three years and provides an opportunity for the parties to review progress in the conservation of species included in the Appendices; consider proposals to amend the lists of species in Appendices I and II; and recommend measures to improve the effectiveness of the Convention.
Our insights from the debates that we have had so far show an Africa that is not yet united and yet under CITES, Africa is treated as one region. We as SADC countries want to work towards a united Africa. So, we have a lot of ‘soul-searching’ to do so that we can find each other under the banner of the African Union. The saddest moment for us was to see countries voting against a proposed Advisory Committee for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities under CITES. Yet decisions being taken here affect those people directly.
Generally, though, CITES CoP 19 is progressing well and SADC is well represented by its members who are proudly sharing their conservation successes. The conference is it its 5th day and already some very sensitive and key issues have been or are in the process of being discussed. Key issues from a SADC perspective include flagship species like elephants and hippos, community livelihoods, representation in CITES structures, a period World Wildlife Trade Report and voting procedures. It is in the public domain that elephant discussions dominate CITES discussions at every COP. This COP is no exception.
We firmly believe that CITES is an international trade convention and does not regulate domestic trade. Therefore, SADC will not agree to any decision aimed at interfering with the domestic affairs of our countries and our sovereignty. The positive thing is at least as SADC we managed to block potential closure of the domestic ivory markets. Domestic ivory market remains open and SADC member states also continue to support the review and improvements on National Ivory Action Plan (NIAP) proposals. We still have equally important proposals on elephants and hippos coming up and our position as SADC is clear.
In conclusion, the SADC region is against any up listing of species which is not science based and does not take into account the needs of the affected Parties and communities.
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Day 3
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COP 19 Day 3: Plenary: Committee 1 & 2
16 November 2022
Delegates are split into two committees to enable CITES to get through the extensive Agenda. This requires both Parties (governments) and the Observers (NGO’s) – if they have sufficient delegates – to have representatives in both halls. While the SUCo-SA delegation has common interests and objectives, our larger delegation allows us insight and participation in both. Of interest in Committee 1 was the considerable support for trade, heritage and livelihoods proposals and discussions on plants received. This further enable us to identify countries and NGO’s that support sustainable use, and possible future alliance partners.
Meanwhile Committee II has also been discussing indigenous peoples and rural communities. Given the split view on the matter amongst Parties, it was decided to move the issue to a working group that was established on agenda item 13, which would then deliver its report to the Standing Committee. The Standing Committee, in turn, would then discuss the matter and inform CoP20 on how to move this issue ahead.
-Pieter Swart (SUCo)
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South Africa made a submission, COP Document 12, during the morning session of Committee II for discussion.
CoP19 Doc. 12 – WORLD WILDLIFE TRADE REPORT
“South Africa proposes the preparation of a periodic world wildlife trade report during each intersessional period between the meetings of the Conference of Parties. The objective of the proposed report is to help parties make better use of the existing primary data by documenting and analysing a wide range of aspects of international trade in Cites listed species. These include trends, trade routes, and scale of the trade, including its value, as well as the conservation and socio-economic impacts and the possible linkages between legal and illegal trade across a variety of supply chains.”
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Outcome:
A working group was established to consider the discussion and some of the draft decision that have been tabled, to prepare decisions and return with a consolidated proposal to the committee on the next steps.
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Day 2
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CITES COP19 COP 19 Day 2: Plenary 1 & 2
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CITES COP19 Committee II
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CHASA CEO Stephen Palos’ comment: Committee II CITES COP19 15 November 2022)
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Day 1
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CITES COP19 Plenary 14 November 2022
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“COP 19 Day 1: Opening & Plenary
The morning was dominated by the opening ceremony presented by the hosting country Panama. It included folk dances, singing and a fashion show presenting sustainable use clothing.
• After a late start, Rule 25 (Procedure for the order deciding on proposals for amendment of Appendices I and II with most restrictive to trade first) were postponed.
• Zimbabwe and Botswana proposed that rules of procedure for voting should be amended to account for parties with large population to have more votes than those with small population on specific issues. Surprisingly, this was met with a lot of sympathy, but as expected did not carry as no proper alternative was proposed. It provides an opportunity for the future though.
• South Africa appealed the above decision on a point of order, as it was felt that the meeting did not treat the proposals in a similar fashion (one being postponed/ the other rejected despite a similar proportion of support). The chair did not call for a vote.”
-Pieter Swart, SUCo
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Discussions:
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(CoP19 Doc. 4.1) REPORT OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE
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CoP19 Doc. 4.1 – REPORT OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE
“At its 18th meeting (CoP18, Geneva, August 2019), the Conference of the Parties adopted Decision 18.1 on Rules of Procedure as follows:
Directed to the Standing Committee
18.1 With the support of the Secretariat, the Standing Committee shall review Rule 7.2 a) and Rule 25 of the Rules of Procedure of the Conference of the Parties and propose amendments, as appropriate, to the 19th meeting of the Conference of the Parties with the view to ensuring the effective conduct of meetings.” (CoP19 Doc. 4.1)
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Chief Directorate: Biodiversity Management and Permitting: Ms Skumsa Ntshanga
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Outcome: The proposal is adopted with respect to Rule 7.2 and Rule 25.5
Rule 25.6 will be dealt with later on in subsequent plenary meetings.
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(CoP19 Doc. 4.2) PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO RULE 26
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CoP19 Doc. 4.2 – PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO RULE 26
Botswana and Zimbabwe submitted a proposal to amend Rule 26 of the Rules of Procedure for the Conference of the Parties (CoP).
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The rules of procedure with reference to voting on proposals for amendment of Appendices I and II, related resolutions and annotations are now patently unjust. This document proposes the review of Rule 26 (Right to vote). The rules on the right to vote need to be adjusted to take account of the key roles played by some Parties in the conservation of endangered species and the burden/liabilities of conservation of the same.
The voting procedure as provided for by Rule 26 is unjust under the current circumstances where countries without significant populations of species are determining the voting outcomes on issues whose impacts do not affect them in any way, yet burdensome on parties with significant populations. The voting rules are currently not assisting in addressing conservation challenges and implications on affected parties, including local communities. Countries whose ecosystems and human lives are suffering due overabundance of these species or animals should have a bigger voice in decision making and this should be reflected in having more votes. Countries which have healthy and sometimes overabundant
populations beyond ecological carrying capacity of specific species listed under either Appendix I or II have been victims of the current voting procedures removing incentives to conserve such species.
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Zimbabwe:
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Botswana:
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Outcome: The proposal was not adopted.
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The Seventy-fifth Meeting of the Standing Committee
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Seventy-fifth meeting of the Standing Committee Panama City (Panama), 13 November 2022
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“The first day of CoP 19 was totally committed to the 75th meeting of the Standing Committee to make recommendations to the CoP.
Very early in the morning, an agenda item was discussed with regards to Standard disclosure forms for CITES declarations of interest for any individual who may wish to stand for election for any position within CITES/committees.
Israel argued to amend the proposed draft by inserting the word “commercial” ahead of “interest”. This would have limited disclosure of interest to only those in the business of Sustainable Use but would exclude intangible “interests” such as for academic, philosophical, or other such potential bias. There was limited discussion from parties and the motion had potential to pass.
Upon the Chair opening the point to Observers, SUCo-SA (Stephen Palos) made a verbal intervention, stating that everybody attending CITES have interests, commercial or otherwise. Singling out a commercial interest for disclosure in what remains, essentially, a Trade body is not warranted. A commercial conflict is not the only potential conflict.
On returning to parties for further comment (the USA) then proposed rather leaving the decision on Israel’s motion for further deliberation by the Standing Committee. With the Chair’s support this proposal then held sway. Perhaps the SUCo-SA intervention allowed some logic to prevail preventing trade interests being singled out as something more sinister than other interests at CITES.”
-Pieter Swart, SUCo
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Exploring Panama City
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Travelling: South Africa to Panama
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